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Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834-9480
Submitted June 27, 2005; Accepted September 15, 2005
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONAPPENDIXREFERENCES |
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONAPPENDIXREFERENCES |
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This study examines the reaction of students to the adoption of an inquiry-based lab format in a series of lower-division core courses for the biology major. Student assessment of their lab experiences is compared from the initial implementation of the inquiry format, to the present, a period of six semesters.
History
Beginning in 1997, faculty members in the Department of Biological Science,
California State University, Fullerton (CSUF), began a discussion of how to
reform the existing core curriculum to enhance student preparation for
upper-division course work, improve retention of students in the biology
major, and streamline progression through the major.
The original core series of courses required for biology majors included both lower-division and upper-division courses. The first course in the major was a lower-division, survey-type course with no associated lab. Students then completed courses in zoology, botany, cellular biology, genetics, ecology, and microbiology. Some of these courses included a laboratory class, whereas others offered the laboratory as a separate course. Students frequently completed courses out of sequence or did not complete the core before beginning their upper-division electives. Consequently, students in upper-division courses lacked a common set of experiences on which to build their knowledge and skills.
The department initiated a reform of the core curriculum with support from the National Science Foundation (DUE 9950835 and DUE 0127167). The new core curriculum consists of four lower-division courses, each with a laboratory. They are Biodiversity and Evolution, Cellular Biology, Genetics and Molecular Biology, and Principles of Physiology and Ecology. The courses are built around a set of student learning outcomes with an instructional design that emphasizes student-centered learning. The biological themes of Unity and Diversity, Evolution, and System Dynamics, as well as the perspectives of the Process of Science and Human Impact on Biological Systems, are embedded in all four courses. The laboratories associated with the core courses are inquiry-based, including a mix of both guided and open or full-inquiry. Guided-inquiries involve students in directed activities associated with instructor-defined research questions. Guided-inquiries are also used as introductions to a model system and/or experimental techniques. In contrast, open-inquiries require that students pose their own research questions, develop their own hypotheses, and plan and implement a research protocol (including controls) where the outcome of the experiment is not predetermined. In both types of inquiry activities, students collect and analyze data using the appropriate statistical tests and report their findings in a scientific format. A summary of the number and type of inquiry activities used throughout the lower-division core are provided (Table 1). In addition, the labs were designed with the intention of providing progressive skill development across the four core courses. Students are required to complete the core series in sequence. Articulations have been made with local community colleges to allow for transfer into the core. The first three core courses (Biodiversity and Evolution, Cellular Biology, and Genetics and Molecular Biology) were implemented in the Fall 2002 semester. The final core course was implemented in the Spring 2003 semester.
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On completion of the lower-division core, students begin their upper-division electives in the major. As of the Fall 2004 semester, students are required to declare an emphasis within the biology major, choosing from the following: Biodiversity, Ecology & Conservation, Marine Biology, Cell & Developmental Biology, or Molecular Biology & Biotechnology. Each emphasis consists of an intermediate or "gateway" course, as well as a diverse collection of recommended courses. All biology majors must complete five upper-division laboratory or field units. At a minimum, this requirement is typically met through the completion of three or more upperdivision courses with an associated laboratory, although some students also receive credit for independent research.
Demographics
CSUF is one of the largest of the 23 campuses in the California State
University system. Within the Department of Biological Science, 
75% of
the more than 700 undergraduate majors describe themselves as minority or
multiethnic, with Hispanics contributing 25% to the student population. Women
outnumber men, 62% to 38%. Approximately 70% of the biology majors pursue
careers in allied health. CSUF is an urban "commuter" campus.
Seventy-five percent of our students work, and more than 65% of entering
students are community college transfers. The average age of our majors is 22
years old. Over 50% of students at our university come from families in which
neither parent graduated from college, 26% are first-generation college
students, and 13% come from families in which neither parent has a high school
diploma. English is a second language for 46% of CSUF students
(www.fullerton.edu/analyticalstudies;
accessed 6/14/05).
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METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONAPPENDIXREFERENCES |
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Students were asked, as a part of their normal participation in a course, to respond to a series of overarching questions dealing with how much the instructional design of the course helped the student learn, the degree to which the course added to the student's skills in specific areas, and how much the student anticipates they will retain from the course. The structure of the SALG survey asks students to rank the value of specific features of their lab experience, using a five-point scale where 5 represents "very helpful"/"a great deal," 4 is "much help"/"a lot," 3 is "moderate help"/"somewhat," 2 is "a little help"/"a little," and 1 reflects an assessment of "no help"/"not at all." Students also responded to demographic questions and provided open-text responses to questions about their lab experience. The surveys are password protected and all responses are anonymous, although the SALG site does provide a record of the number and identity of respondents, separate from the actual survey results. Students were awarded a small number of points toward their final course grade for completing the survey. Collection and analysis of survey data were completed in compliance with the guidelines for use of human subjects (CSUF—HSR 2684).
Survey results are compiled by the Web site, both as frequency tables and
means with standard deviations. Pair-wise comparisons of the means for
different courses or different semesters of the same course were made using a
two-tailed t test. The t test requires a minimum sample size
of 50. This requirement was met in all but two cases. Comparison of the means
across all four core courses was made using a one-way ANOVA, based on the
means and standard deviations provided from the SALG site
(Zar, 1999). The SALG program
also allows faculty to construct contingency tables (cross-tabs). The
significance of the association between two variables within the survey was
tested using chi-square. Gamma was then calculated for each statistically
significant relationship as a measure of the strength of the association
between the two variables. All tests of statistical significance were made at
an 
level of 0.05.
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RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONAPPENDIXREFERENCES |
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Student reaction to the instructional design of the inquiry-based
laboratories for each of the core courses was assessed
(Table 3). Students enrolled in
a course during the first semester of implementation typically gave
significantly lower ratings to the organization and activities associated with
the labs than did the students in subsequent semesters. A comparison of the
most recent surveys for the four courses reveal continuing differences in
student ranking of the organization (F(3, 401) = 2.62, p
< 0.05) and the lab manual (F(3, 401) = 6.62, p <
0.001) but no significant difference in perceptions of the value of the
inquiry format (F(3, 401) = 1.62, p < 0.2). Strong,
positive relationships exist between a student's perception of the inquiry
format and his/her assessment of the organization of the labs (df 16,
2 = 498, p < 0.001, 
= 0.97), the value of
the graduate teaching assistants' lecture and instructions (df 16,
2 = 298, p < 0.001, = 0.96), and the
ability to design and test hypotheses (df 16, 2 =
475, p < 0.001, = 0.97). Conversely, a student's attitude
toward the format of the inquiry labs was positively influenced by the
perceived quality of the graduate teaching assistant (df 16,
2 = 183, p < 0.001, = 0.94) and the
quality of the laboratory manual (df 16, 2 = 226,
p < 0.001, = 0.84). No relationship was found to exist
between the level of a student's academic experience (years in college),
transfer status, or gender and his/her perception of the educational value of
the format or organization inherent in the modified laboratory curriculum
either initially or after six semesters of implementation (data not
shown).
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Students report gains in their evaluation of lab-related skill development,
ranging between "somewhat" to "a lot," across all
categories and courses (Table
4). Student perceptions of gains were less during the first
semester of implementation in almost every case where data were available.
Pair-wise comparison of survey results from Fall 2002 and Spring 2005
semesters of the second core course (Cellular Biology) revealed
statistically significant differences in the areas of finding references to
the primary literature (df 210, t = 4.37, p <
0.001) and experimental design (df 210, t = 2.18, p
< 0.05). Comparisons of the responses from students across the span of all
four core courses for Spring 2005 showed significant differences in the areas
of hypothesis generation (F(3397) = 3.74, p < 0.01),
finding references (F(3397) = 5.67, p < 0.001),
statistical analysis (F(3397) = 43.16, p < 0.001),
graphing (F(3397) = 9.84, p < 0.01), and oral
(F(3397) = 16.19, p < 0.001) and written
(F(3397) = 9.44, p < 0.001) communication skills. The
relationship between students' perception of the quality of their graduate
teaching assistant relative to their gain in general laboratory skills showed
a stronger positive relationship during the first semester of implementation
(df 16, 2 = 37.5, p < 0.01, =
0.98) versus the most recent semester (df 16, 2 =
84.7, p < 0.001, = 0.61), The relationship between
perceived quality of the teaching assistant and skill development in the other
categories listed in Table 4
was found to be positive, but weak (data not shown). Students' class standing,
transfer status, or gender was not significantly associated with their
responses to skill development (data not shown).
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Student perceptions of their retention of various laboratory skills were
also examined (Table 5). A
strong correlation was found to exist between student perceptions of gain and
their estimation of retention specific to skills in ability to access
scientific information from primary and secondary sources (df 16,
2 = 420, p < 0.001, = 0.99), experimental
design (df 16, 2 = 325, p < 0.001,
= 0.83), statistical analysis (df 16, 2 =
249, p < 0.001, = 0.89), scientific writing (df
16, 2 = 464, p < 0.001, = 0.86), and oral
communication (df 16, 2 = 318, p < 0.001,
= 0.77). Comparison of student responses across the most recent four
lower-division core courses, however, demonstrated significant differences in
the areas of accessing scientific information (F(3398) = 3.39,
p < 0.02), statistical analysis (F(3398) = 8.34,
p < 0.001), and oral (F(3398) = 2.62, p <
0.05) and written (F(3398) = 4.16, p < 0.01)
communication skills. Students' participation within the core (i.e., the
number of courses they had completed) was strongly associated with their
ranking of retention of their skills in accessing scientific information
(df 16, 2 = 27.5, p < 0.05, =
0.92). None of the other lab skills showed a significant relationship with
experience in the core (data not shown). Retention of lab skills is not
related to class standing, transfer status, perceived quality of the teaching
assistant, or gender (data not shown). A moderately positive relationship was
found to exist, however, between students' attitude toward their teaching
assistant and their likely retention of the ability to work cooperatively with
others (df 16, 2 = 73.6, p < 0.001,
= 0.54), and to appreciate the lab and field aspects of biology
(df 16, 2 = 77.3, p < 0.001, =
0.50) and the dynamic nature of scientific inquiry (df 16,
2 = 59.8, p < 0.001, = 0.53).
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A novel aspect of the inquiry labs of this lower-division core series has been the inclusion of a common model organism in each of the courses. Wisconsin Fast Plants have been adapted to illustrate relevant course concepts across all four lower-division courses, with the goal of both giving students practice in the care and handling of the organism, as well as creating a context for students to gain insights into the unity and diversity of biological systems. Although the majority of students in the final core course reported that the use of the Fast Plants throughout the core was helpful to their learning (3.74 ± 0.95), there was no significant relationship between the perceived value of the model organism and student confidence in their ability to work with plants or animals in a laboratory setting.
Student assessment of their preparation for upper-division laboratory work was examined for those students enrolled in the final core course during the Spring 2005 semester (Table 6). Students ranked their overall preparation between "a fair amount," and "a great deal." Over 80% of the students expressed confidence in their abilities to work with plants, animals, and bacteria. Students were also confident in their knowledge of the diversity of organisms and the function of their body systems.
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The influence of the lab experience on a student's perception of gains related to the themes and perspective for the lower-division core was examined (Table 7). Once again, student responses varied across the four courses, with significant differences occurring in the areas of appreciation of diversity (F(3399) = 4.33, p < 0.005), understanding the dynamic nature of biological systems (F(3399) = 3.91, p < 0.009), awareness of how the process of evolution influences biology (F(3399) = 3.3, p < 0.02), and awareness of the impact of humans on biological systems (F(3399) = 7.76, p < 0.001).
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONAPPENDIXREFERENCES |
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Changes to the instructional design of a course (or series of courses) influence the educational experience and expectations of the students enrolled in those courses (Harrison et al., 2001; Russell and French, 2002; Luckie et al., 2004). How did our students react to the inquiry-based laboratories? Initial student response was less than positive. Students at all levels in the major gave low marks to the organization and activities of the inquiry-based labs, suggesting that intellectual maturity is not a replacement for familiarity (Perry, 1998). In some cases, lower rankings were also given for questions related to the students' assessment of their gain in laboratory skills during the first semester of implementation. Overall, student perspectives on their laboratory skill development have averaged between "somewhat" and "a lot" on the five-point scale, although significant differences remain between some courses, especially the final core course.
Consistent with the findings of Howard and Miskowski (2005), students report that the inquiry-based format of the labs is of "moderate" to "much" help to their learning. A student's perception of the inquiry format is an excellent predictor of his/her perception of the overall educational value of the organization and activities associated with the laboratories. Student comments reveal enthusiasm for the opportunity to "create our own experiments." However, frustration with the quality of the laboratory manual and the effectiveness of some graduate teaching assistants are also expressed (see Appendix).
A key finding that emerges then from these results is that the student's perceptions regarding the graduate teaching assistants used in the laboratory sections is an important variable that influences student perception of the format and educational value of the inquiry lab experience. The influence of the teaching assistant on student perception of skill development was very strong during the first semester of implementation and remains significant after six semesters. Students' perceptions of the teaching assistant also appear to influence their perceptions of long-term skills in group work and their appreciation for the process of scientific discovery and its role in biology. Teaching assistants, just like their students, must adapt to the different instructional approach required by the inquiry format. Faculty support of the professional development of teaching assistants is one way to facilitate sustained quality within a course (Glasson and McKenzie, 1998; Sundberg et al., 2000; Russell and French, 2002). It is interesting to note that the highest rating for the question "amount and quality of contact with your teaching assistant" (Table 3) occurred during a semester in which a faculty member taught in the laboratories.
Similarly, the quality of the laboratory manual also contributes to student perceptions of the course. Poor ratings and negative comments regarding the laboratory manual for the cellular biology course led to multiple revisions with a concomitant improvement in the numeric ranking. A positive relationship exists between students' perception of the lab manual and their assessment of the organization of the lab, although this relationship is not as strong as that between the lab manual and the inquiry format.
Do students perceive a value to the inquiry laboratory format? Over 50% of students surveyed (234/452) in the most recent semester identified lab and field activities as the best form of instruction for the development of analytical and critical scientific thinking skills. Furthermore, 70% of students express the opinion that the expectations of the inquiry-based labs of the lower-division core were appropriate. It is not surprising to find, in this context, that students give high marks for laboratory skill development and retention. The especially strong student ranking for "gains in skills" and "retention of skills" in the physiology and ecology course may reflect differences in the type and frequency of activities within the lab. Students in this course, in particular, completed more writing, graphing, and statistical analysis assignments than did students in the preceding courses. The influence of the type and frequency of assignments in lab may also account for the changes in student perception of their skills in accessing scientific information in the cellular biology course. During the initial implementation of the cellular biology labs, library research skills were introduced, but not emphasized. In the current design of the labs, these skills are used multiple times throughout the semester.
The original design of the lower-division lab series sought to allow for the development of fundamental laboratory skills through introduction and repetition of those skills across all four courses, with the goal of enhancing student retention of those skills and thereby improving a student's preparation for upper-division course work. Did our students perceive an improvement of their retention of skills as a consequence of their participation in the core laboratories? Although students in the final core course reported that they would retain "somewhat" to "a lot" of the skills associated with the inquiry labs, cross-tabulation analysis revealed that this assessment was more strongly associated with students' perception of their gain in skills versus the number of other core lab courses in which they participated. By the fourth course (Principles of Physiology & Ecology), some students comment on the "repetitive" nature of the labs; however, other students recognize the repetition as a means of "skill building" and comment that their experiences in the laboratories of the lower-division core have prepared them for upper-division course work (see Appendix). Skill in finding and accessing scientific information was the only exception, with its strong association to experience in the core. This observation may be a consequence of the emphasis on the identification and use of primary and secondary literature that occurs in the first two courses.
The lack of a significant association between gender and the various aspects of the instructional design and educational value of these labs is a positive result, suggesting that the format of these labs is inclusive, an important feature for retention of students in the major (Seymour and Hewitt, 1997; Russell and French, 2002; Brueckner and Traurig, 2003). Likewise, the apparent lack of negative impact on our transfer student population suggests both that these courses provide sufficient support for these students and that the local community colleges are doing a very good job in preparing their students for articulation with our program.
One of the unique features of the lower-division core laboratories has been the inclusion of a common model organism throughout all four courses. The Wisconsin Fast Plants are a highly adaptable model organism (Williams and Hill, 1986; Wisconsin Fast Plants Program, 2005) used to highlight concepts related to artificial selection, pollen tube growth, Mendelian genetics, and gas exchange. The idea behind this approach was that iterative exposure to a model organism would enhance student skills in the care and manipulation of the organism while providing an example of how the seemingly diverse concepts of biology can be synthesized within a single organism. The majority of students reported that the use of the Fast Plants was a "fair amount" of help in their learning; however, there was no correlation between students' attitude about the value of the model organism and their confidence in their ability to work with plants in a laboratory or field setting. Several students commented negatively about the repetitive use of Fast Plants, whereas only one student recognized the value of familiarity with the system (see Appendix).
One of the major goals for the reform of the core laboratory curriculum has
been to enhance student preparation for upper-division course work. Average
student response to the question "how prepared are you for work in an
upper-division lab class?" was equivalent to a ranking between "a
fair amount" and "a great deal." The majority of students
(
80%) report that they are confident in their abilities to work in the
upper division. Inquiry-based laboratory instruction has been found to enhance
content knowledge (Russell and French,
2002). Surprisingly, no relationship was found between students'
experience in the core and their level of confidence, suggesting that the
rigor of the Principles of Physiology & Ecology course may be
influencing students' perceptions. However, anecdotal information provided by
faculty teaching in the upper division suggests that students leaving the
lower-division core are manifesting stronger research and scientific
communication skills. Further research will be required to confirm these
observations.
The courses of the lower-division core provide content-specific illustrations of the larger biological themes of unity and diversity, evolution, and systems dynamics using the perspectives of the process of science and the impact of humans on biological systems. The integration of these themes throughout the core appears to have influenced student awareness. Not surprisingly, students give their highest ranking of the themes of unity and diversity and evolution during the semester in which they are enrolled in the course, Biodiversity and Evolution. Similarly, students rank their understanding of the dynamic nature of biological systems and awareness of the impact of humans on biological systems highest during their semester in Principles of Physiology and Ecology. The absence of any significant difference in student ranking of awareness of the similarity of living things or the process of science suggests that all courses are meeting the goal of providing some reasonable level of exposure to the themes throughout the core curriculum.
In conclusion, our students appear to perceive the benefit of the inquiry format and express support for the opportunity to participate in laboratory activities that mirror the authentic process of scientific discovery (Roth, 1993; Luckie et al., 2004; Howard and Miskowski, 2005). However, negative comments continue to be expressed regarding the quality of the laboratory manual or the teaching assistants (see Appendix). Professional development of the teaching staff and the creation of quality laboratory materials and assignments therefore are important components to ensure success in the adoption of an inquiry-based laboratory pedagogy. Student responses to these survey instruments appear to reflect their most recent experiences. It may be necessary to use other means of assessment to identify any cumulative effects of participation in the core series of labs. Finally, "student assessment of learning gains" is not the same as objective assessment of student performance. The ultimate benefit of the reforms outlined in this work will be established by the evaluation of student performance in the upper-division course work and retention of students within the major.
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APPENDIX |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONAPPENDIXREFERENCES |
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Comments about the format of the labs "Self learning. The modules were placed on us to learn and discover–it was like real science!" Cellular Biology Fall 2002
"Having a directed experiment before being able to design own experiment is excellent because it helps students to become familiar with the concepts of each lab module." Cellular Biology Fall 2002.
"i would like the lab to be a little better structured so that i understand why i am being asked to perform the experiments and what i am supposed to gain from doing so." Cellular Biology, Fall 2002
"i really thought that although the instruction was a little bit vague, the non-detailed structure allowed us to learn on our own and really grasp the concepts." Cellular Biology, Fall 2002
"Dealing with real life stuff like DNA and genetic diseases. Things that relate to real life are always interesting to learn about. Do lab techniques that we read about, PCR, enzyme digestions." Genetics and Molecular Biology, Fall 2002.
"The experiments need to be modified so that some of them have a better probability of comming out." Genetics and Molecular Biology, Fall 2002
"The organization needs to be better. It is not the fault of the instructor, it's just because this is the first time this lab is being taught and we are the guinea pigs." Genetics and Molecular Biology, Fall 2002
"I felt like I didn't have any direction, I understand that most labs were meant NOT to be `cook booked' but this resulted in disorganization and confusion with concepts." Biodiversity and Evolution, Spring 2005
"It would be better if the labs were connected to the lecture part of the course. For example, if we were learning about enzymes in lecture then we would be doing experiments in lab dealing with enzymes, at the same frame." Cellular Biology, Spring 2005
"I now know how to properly use a microscope. Designing our own experiments was very helpful because it forces you to apply what you have learned and it teaches you the scientific process involved and how to improve your experiments based on what you've learned. I also learned how to write an abstract." Cellular Biology, Spring 2005
"The lab helps me to understand and remember the concepts of biology more because I was involved in the activities and see how everything reacted." Cellular Biology, Spring 2005
"I felt that this lab was somewhat unorganized. There was not enough time for the second module and felt the first one could have been shortened since the material is not as intense. In the second module, we were rushing just to get things done that I didn't feel I had an understanding of what was going on." Genetics and Molecular Biology, Spring 2005
"Lab was made much worce because it very difficult to understand what exactly was expected of us. Trying to get the lab instructor (Chue) to explain to us what was expected of us was like pulling teeth. This lab by far was the most poorly organized lab" Genetics and Molecular Biology, Spring 2005
"The labs of the lower division core are a joke. In lower division courses labs should be very structured to begin with, and then by the end they should be more free form. It does no good to throw people into something that they might not be familiar with." Principles of Physiology and Ecology, Fall 2004
"I plan on entering the teaching field and the activities and methods of how we tested our hypotheses, will be very useful for me in the future when I enter the field. I also enjoyed giving presentations because it helped me to be more comfortable using terminology and also helped me practice explaining biological concepts to others." Principles of Physiology and Ecology, Fall 2004
"The ability to observe and test hypothesis on the biodiversity and the reasons for the biodiversity of these organisms has changed my ideals on running experiments in lab as a learning mechanism. In this lab, we were actually able to make up our own experiments in order to test them. They had no known ending unlike other labs, making the experiments less exciting. Writing papers also greatly changed. Instead of one scientific paper for the semester, this class challenged me to write 3. This helped me feel more confident about my biological writing skills." Principles of Physiology and Ecology, Spring 2005
"I liked the labs very much. I liked learning different techniques of how scientists analyze different things. I liked learning about gel electrophoresis, bacterial plating and gram-staining, etc. I think that the labs were necessary for me to get the hands on experience and they were a lot of fun too. I especially liked taking the field trips." Principles of Physiology and Ecology, Spring 2005
"it is easiest for me to understand a concept when it can be applied, therefore any hands-on experience that I was able to get, was the greatest help to me." Principles of Physiology and Ecology, Fall 2004
Comments about the teaching assistants "I like the way the TA's explain the lab assignment a little more and give us background information on the lab." Biodiversity and Evolution, Fall 2002
"Actually have the lab TA's know what is going on and be able to answer all questions that students have." Cellular Biology, Fall 2002
"I would like more guidelines. I felt that sometimes the TA's were out of their league and this would frustrate them." Cellular Biology, Fall 2002
"The lab was not very helpful. My lab TA did not do a good job, and left many students clueless throughout the semester." Cellular Biology, Spring 2005
"The TA was a great help in clarifying the material." Genetics and Molecular Biology, Spring 2005
"The lab sucked. Our TA was very unfair with her grading. She was very unclear" Genetics and Molecular Biology, Spring 2005
"I had a very great experience with Lab. The lab instructor was great. He is an outstanding teacher and makes the lab very interesting. The lab was hard, however he made it easy to understand and was always there when we had problems or questions." Principles of Physiology and Ecology, Fall 2004
Comments about the laboratory manual "Be more organized; especially the lab manual. Everything was pretty much scattered, we had to flip back and forth to look up stuff." Cellular Biology, Fall 2002
"PLEASE get rid of the useless manual. Or make some major changes. It will be helpful to future students if the manual is more like the Chemistry manual." Cellular Biology, Fall 2002
"WHere do I begin? The TA was not very good and the labs were poorly organized. The poor organization was a direct result of the poor organization in the lab manual." Cellular Biology, Fall 2002
Comments on skill development and retention "lab was very helpful and gave us much pratice on how to analyze observations." Cellular Biology, Spring 2005
"Many of the skills such as ablity to conduct skill anaylsis was covered in previous courses, thus some of the concepts presented in 172 built on these skills" Cellular Biology, Spring 2005
"i made most of the graphs my group used. i think that skill will be the thing that carries with me most" Cellular Biology, Spring 2005
"Oral presentations taught me to become more confident in my oral skills, I don't get nearly as nervous as I used to in front of the class." Genetics and Molecular Biology, Spring 2005
"MY oral communication skills have increased thanks to the process learned during the preparation of presentations." Genetics and Molecular Biology, Spring 2005
"I learned a lot in lab that will probably stick with me towards my other laboratory classes in the future." Genetics and Molecular Biology, Spring 2005
"I'm not sure if I learned any particularly marketable skills in this class that would help in the biotech field" Genetics and Molecular Biology, Spring 2005
"All the labs helped be grow as a biology student." Genetics and Molecular Biology, Spring 2005
"The written report is very helpful. I help me to be a better writer. before this class i hated writing lab reports but now it's not so difficult causenot so bad after all." Principles of Physiology and Ecology, Fall 2004
"As this class falls at the end of my academic career statistical lessons learned here will not be well carried beyond this course. Other components of the class such as oral communication skills and appreciation of biodiversity I feel are life long learning aspects of the course that will remain active parts of my life beyond graduation." Principles of Physiology and Ecology, Spring 2005
"The knowledge I gained in this class, I know will help me in other classes. Before taking this class, I had very little knowledge of statistics. I knew how to do t-tests, but I had not had enough practice using them. This class strengthened my stat skills." Principles of Physiology and Ecology, Spring 2005
"Having taken three other core classes, I am able to continue my lab skills, and learn something new in each class. So, a lot of the things we learned this semester are being re-applied from previous ones." Principles of Physiology and Ecology, Spring 2005
"some of the skills have already been learned, and this course has reinforced some of those skills." Principles of Physiology and Ecology, Spring 2005
"I'm basing the following responses on the oral presentations. 171 only had 1 (if I recall correctly) and I thought that was really hard! When I took 172, we had a few more and it was overwhelming. It wasn't that bad because 171 prepped me for it. 273 had even more presentations than the other two but they weren't that bad because I was already used to it. In regards to everything else, the labs were fine in general. Working in the field is the best way for me to learn." Principles of Physiology and Ecology, Spring 2005
"With the lower division core labs, I am confident about formulating and testing experiiments, being able to analyze graphs, tables, and data, writing scientific papers, communicating these ideas through oral presentations. I have also grown better at keeping records in a lab notebook." Principles of Physiology and Ecology, Spring 2005
Comments on the use of Wisconsin Fast Plants "the Fast plants were extremely helpful in understanding gentics" Principles of Physiology and Ecology, Fall 2004
"A different plant should be chosen for each biol course. many students are very tired with working with the fast plants. from biol 171, 172,273 it gets repetitive. I think for genetics it is good because it grows fast and the lab that deals with the plant fits brassica rapa, but for 171 and 172, something else needs to become part of the lab." Principles of Physiology and Ecology, Spring 2005
"A lot of the lower division core classes used the Wisconsin Fast Plant, so it was beneficial to be able to work with a plant that we are already very aquainted to." Principles of Physiology and Ecology, Spring 2005
"The fast plants are good at what they do, but the organism focused on should be one that is exciting and attention-grabbing." Principles of Physiology and Ecology, Spring 2005
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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FOOTNOTES |
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Address correspondence to: Merri Lynn Casem (mcasem{at}fullerton.edu).
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REFERENCES |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONAPPENDIXREFERENCES |
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