Investigating Instructor Talk in Novel Contexts: Widespread Use, Unexpected Categories, and an Emergent Sampling Strategy
- Colin D. Harrison ,
- Tiffy A. Nguyen ,
- Shannon B. Seidel ,
- Alycia M. Escobedo ,
- Courtney Hartman ,
- Katie Lam ,
- Kristen S. Liang ,
- Miranda Martens ,
- Gigi N. Acker ,
- Susan F. Akana ,
- Brad Balukjian ,
- Hilary P. Benton ,
- J. R. Blair ,
- Segal M. Boaz ,
- Katharyn E. Boyer ,
- Jason B. Bram ,
- Laura W. Burrus ,
- Dana T. Byrd ,
- Natalia Caporale ,
- Edward J. Carpenter ,
- Yee-Hung M. Chan ,
- Lily Chen ,
- Amy Chovnick ,
- Diana S. Chu ,
- Bryan K. Clarkson ,
- Sara E. Cooper ,
- Catherine J. Creech ,
- José R. de la Torre ,
- Wilfred F. Denetclaw ,
- Kathleen Duncan ,
- Amelia S. Edwards ,
- Karen Erickson ,
- Megumi Fuse ,
- Joseph J. Gorga ,
- Brinda Govindan ,
- L. Jeanette Green ,
- Paul Z. Hankamp ,
- Holly E. Harris ,
- Zheng-Hui He ,
- Stephen B. Ingalls ,
- Peter D. Ingmire ,
- J. Rebecca Jacobs ,
- Mark Kamakea ,
- Rhea R. Kimpo ,
- Jonathan D. Knight ,
- Sara K. Krause ,
- Lori E. Krueger ,
- Terrye L. Light ,
- Lance Lund ,
- Leticia M. Márquez-Magaña ,
- Briana K. McCarthy ,
- Linda McPheron ,
- Vanessa C. Miller-Sims ,
- Christopher A. Moffatt ,
- Pamela C. Muick ,
- Paul H. Nagami ,
- Gloria Nusse ,
- K. M. Okimura ,
- Sally G. Pasion ,
- Robert Patterson ,
- Pleuni S. Pennings ,
- Blake Riggs ,
- Joseph M. Romeo ,
- Scott W. Roy ,
- Tatiane Russo-Tait ,
- Lisa M. Schultheis ,
- Lakshmikanta Sengupta ,
- Greg S. Spicer ,
- Andrea Swei ,
- Jennifer M. Wade ,
- Julia K. Willsie ,
- Loretta A. Kelley ,
- Melinda T. Owens ,
- Gloriana Trujillo ,
- Carmen Domingo ,
- Jeffrey N. Schinske , and
- Kimberly D. Tanner
School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA 98447
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Education, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
Department of Biology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA 98447
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007
Department of Biology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA 98447
Department of Biology, De Anza College, Cupertino, CA 95014
Department of Biology, City College of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94112
Department of Biology, Merritt College, Oakland, CA 94619
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, Foothill College, Los Altos Hills, CA 94022
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, Las Positas College, Livermore, CA 94551
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, De Anza College, Cupertino, CA 95014
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, Las Positas College, Livermore, CA 94551
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Division of Biological Sciences, Diablo Valley College, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Biological and Health Sciences, Foothill College, Los Altos Hills, CA 94022
Department of Biology, Mt. Hood Community College, Gresham, OR 97030
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Biological and Health Sciences, Foothill College, Los Altos Hills, CA 94022
Department of Biology, Foothill College, Los Altos Hills, CA 94022
Department of Biology, Foothill College, Los Altos Hills, CA 94022
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Division of Biological Sciences, Diablo Valley College, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Science and Technology Division, Cañada College, Redwood City, CA 94061
Department of Biology, College of San Mateo, San Mateo, CA 94402
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Biological and Health Sciences, Foothill College, Los Altos Hills, CA 94022
Department of Biology, Chabot College, Hayward, CA 94545
Department of Biology, Samuel Merritt University, Oakland, CA 94609
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, Palomar College, San Marcos, CA 92069
Department of Biological Sciences, Sacramento State University, Sacramento, CA 95819
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, Los Medanos College, Pittsburg, CA 94565
Department of Biology, Berkeley City College, Berkeley, CA 94704
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, Contra Costa College, San Pablo, CA 94806
Department of Biology, Solano College, Fairfield, CA 94534
Department of Biology, Holy Names University, Oakland, CA 94619
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Earth and Climate Sciences, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
College of Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
Department of Biology, Foothill College, Los Altos Hills, CA 94022
Department of Biology, De Anza College, Cupertino, CA 95014
Department of Biology, College of San Mateo, San Mateo, CA 94402
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA 02115
Division of Biological Sciences, Diablo Valley College, Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Kelley, Petterson, and Associates, San Francisco, CA 94127
Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
Office of the Vice Provost for Teaching and Learning, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Department of Biology, Foothill College, Los Altos Hills, CA 94022
*Address correspondence to: Kimberly D. Tanner (E-mail Address: [email protected]).
Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132
Abstract
Instructor Talk—noncontent language used by instructors in classrooms—is a recently defined and promising variable for better understanding classroom dynamics. Having previously characterized the Instructor Talk framework within the context of a single course, we present here our results surrounding the applicability of the Instructor Talk framework to noncontent language used by instructors in novel course contexts. We analyzed Instructor Talk in eight additional biology courses in their entirety and in 61 biology courses using an emergent sampling strategy. We observed widespread use of Instructor Talk with variation in the amount and category type used. The vast majority of Instructor Talk could be characterized using the originally published Instructor Talk framework, suggesting the robustness of this framework. Additionally, a new form of Instructor Talk—Negatively Phrased Instructor Talk, language that may discourage students or distract from the learning process—was detected in these novel course contexts. Finally, the emergent sampling strategy described here may allow investigation of Instructor Talk in even larger numbers of courses across institutions and disciplines. Given its widespread use, potential influence on students in learning environments, and ability to be sampled, Instructor Talk may be a key variable to consider in future research on teaching and learning in higher education.
