We thank research assistants from the Motivation and Social Identity Lab for their assistance in data collection and coding. We also thank science professors Tom Huxford, Matt Anderson, John Love, and Leroy McClenaghan from San Diego State University for loaning or donating their textbooks to us, and we thank monitoring editor Sarah L. Eddy and two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful feedback on this article. Data collected for this study and preparation of this article were supported in part by the Chancellor’s Doctoral Incentive Program (California State University, Office of the Chancellor); Associated Students Inc. Student Research Funds from California State University, Long Beach; and grant DRL-1622991 from the NSF. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are our own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF.