We are grateful to the biology master’s students for their participation in this study; Paula Lemons, Brian Couch, and Alison Crowe for their evaluation and comments on the science-process test; and Sally Hoskins for sharing the materials of the follow-up experimental design assignments (“grant panels,” Hoskins et al., 2007). We thank Aaron Coleman, Stanley Lo, Alison Crowe, and our reviewers for their helpful comments. This work was supported by a UCSD Academic Senate Research grant and Biology Scholars Program Alumni Fellowship to E.T.