We thank the students who took the time to share their thoughts and interpretations of the questions. We also thank Gale Sinatra, Randy Nesse, Erin Dolan, Emily Holt, Ryan Dunk, Dan Grunspan, and the ASU Biology Education Research Lab for thoughtful discussions about this project over the years. This project was supported by National Science Foundation grants IUSE 1818659, IUSE 1712188, and DGE-1311230.