© 2016 C. D. Wright, S. L. Eddy, et al. CBE—Life Sciences Education © 2016 The American Society for Cell Biology. This article is distributed by The American Society for Cell Biology under license from the author(s). It is available to the public under an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0).

We thank Scott Freeman, Alison Crowe, Erin Shortlidge, and the members of the Brownell Lab Biology Education Research Group at Arizona State University for their feedback and comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. We thank Josh Kessack, Jack Cerchiara, Mercedes Converse, and Jennifer Mae-White Day for helping us determine the characteristics of each item; and Ben Wiggens, John Parks, and Chessa Goss for helping us with accessing course exams. Additionally, we thank Michael Angilletta and Stephen Pratt for their insights into the statistical analyses. Support for this study was provided by National Science Foundation (NSF) TUES 1118890 and NSF TUES 1322556. This research was done under approved IRB 38945, University of Washington.

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