We thank all of our participants for sharing their experiences and the many individuals who helped with distributing the study information. We also thank members of the Social Psychology of Research Experiences & Education lab ( https://research.franklin.uga.edu/erindolan), the Biology Education Research Group at the University of Georgia (UGA), and Tessa Andrews, C. J. Tsai, and Lance Wells for feedback that improved our work. We thank Myles Porter, a fellow with the NSF-funded Undergraduate Biology Education Research REU Site (grant no. 1659423), for his assistance in early pilot testing of the ecological systems framework for analysis. This material is based upon work supported by an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship awarded to T.T.T. (grant no. DGE-1842396) and an Innovative & Interdisciplinary Research Grant from the UGA Graduate School awarded to T.T.T. Undergraduate research assistantships awarded to B.C.H. and J.D.A. were provided by the UGA Center for Undergraduate Research Opportunities. Additional support for this work was provided by the Georgia Athletic Association Professorship in Innovative Science Education, the UGA Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, and the Franklin College of Arts & Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of any of the funding organizations. The authors dedicate this work to all graduate students who endure difficult mentoring relationships during their graduate education.